Materialization is creating and activating subscriptions, and copying data from the primary database to the replicate database, thereby initializing the replicate database.
Bulk materialization – manually creating and activating a subscription and populating a replicate database using data unload and load utilities outside the control of the replication system.
Automatic materialization – creating a subscription and populating a replicate database using Replication Server commands.
Heterogeneous replication supports bulk materialization methods with varying complexity based on the specific Replication Agent capabilities.
See the Replication Server Administration Guide for a general discussion of subscription materialization, and see the appropriate Replication Agent documentation for details regarding a particular Replication Agent and its materialization support.