Embedded SQL is an environment that is a combination of C/C++ program code and pseudo-code. The pseudo-code that can be interspersed with traditional C/C++ code is a subset of SQL statements. A preprocessor converts the embedded SQL statements into function calls that are part of the actual code that is compiled to create the application.
Following is a very simple example of an embedded SQL program. It illustrates updating an UltraLite database record by changing the surname of employee 195.
#include <stdio.h> EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA; main( ) { db_init( &sqlca ); EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO error; EXEC SQL CONNECT "DBA" IDENTIFIED BY "sql"; EXEC SQL UPDATE employee SET emp_lname = 'Johnson' WHERE emp_id = 195; EXEC SQL COMMIT; EXEC SQL DISCONNECT; db_fini( &sqlca ); return( 0 ); error: printf( "update unsuccessful: sqlcode = %ld\n", sqlca.sqlcode ); return( -1 ); } |
Although this example is too simplistic to be useful, it illustrates the following aspects common to all embedded SQL applications:
Each SQL statement is prefixed with the keywords EXEC SQL.
Each SQL statement ends with a semicolon.
Some embedded SQL statements are not part of standard SQL. The INCLUDE SQLCA statement is one example.
In addition to SQL statements, embedded SQL also provides library functions to perform some specific tasks. The functions db_init and db_fini are two examples of library function calls.
Structure of embedded SQL programs
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